The Val di Cecina, which owes its name to the homonymous river that flows through it, stretched between the provinces of Livorno and Pisa and is divided into various municipalities, many of which have a population of barely 2,000 inhabitants. The main towns of the Val di Cecina are Pomarance (which is particularly renowned for the borax fumaroles in Larderello), Volterra (where important evidence of Etruscan and Roman settlements is to be admired), Cecina (a widely renowned seaside resort) and Montescudaio, which is enlisted among the most beautiful villages in Italy.
The region of the Colline Pisane, part of which is called Valdera, stretches south of Pontedera and north of Volterra and includes about 15 municipalities. The most important one is certainly Lari, which in the past was the "capital town" of the area. Due to its geographical position, the ancient medieval town was also the object of bloody struggles among Pisa, Lucca and Florence. The Castello dei Vicari - a fortress built between 1230 and 1287 by order of the Upezzinghi family, which has undergone several modifications over the centuries - dominates the highest part of the town.